Understanding Lumbar Facet Joint Syndrome

If you’ve been dealing with stubborn lower back pain that won’t quit—especially when standing, twisting, or leaning back—there’s a good chance it’s not just muscle strain. You’re not lazy, and you’re not broken. In fact, this type of pain could be coming from the small joints in your lower spine called lumbar facet joints. These joints help your back move, but when they get irritated or worn down, they can become a hidden source of chronic pain.

This is called lumbar facet joint syndrome, and it’s more common than most people think. Studies show that these joints are the root cause in up to 41% of people with ongoing lower back pain². Whether your goal is to get back to training, work, or just feeling like yourself again, understanding what’s really going on in your back is the first step.

What is Lumbar Facet Joint Syndrome?

Lumbar facet joint dysfunction happens when the small joints in your lower back—called facet joints—get irritated, inflamed, or worn out. These joints sit at the back of your spine and help it move, bend, and stay stable. But when they stop working properly, they can cause pain that feels like a deep ache or sharp stab, especially when you stand for a while, twist, or lean back.

The Job of Facet Joints

Each bone in your spine (called a vertebra) connects to the next through two facet joints—one on the left and one on the right. These joints act like hinges that guide your back’s movement.

They also help keep your spine in place and stop it from bending too far. If they get overused or start to wear down, the smooth surfaces inside the joint can roughen up, leading to inflammation and pain.

How Common Is It?

You’re definitely not alone if you’re dealing with this. Studies show that lumbar facet joints are the cause of pain in up to 41% of people who have long-lasting low back pain². That’s almost half of chronic low back pain cases.

Who Gets It and Why?

This condition is more common in people over 40 because joints naturally wear down over time. But it can also happen to younger, active people—like lifters, runners, or workers who do a lot of bending and twisting. Sitting too long, poor posture, previous back injuries, or spine surgery can also increase the risk⁴.

Women may be at higher risk due to hormonal changes and more joint looseness as they age³.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Facet Joint Syndrome

• Pain in the lower back – A dull, aching pain in the center or just off to the side of your lower back, often worse with certain movements.
• Pain when leaning backward – Arching your back or standing upright for a long time can trigger or increase the pain.
• Pain when twisting or turning – Movements like reaching behind you, swinging a golf club, or backing up your car can cause discomfort.
• Stiffness in the lower back – Your back may feel tight or hard to move, especially in the morning or after sitting for a while.
• Pain after standing or walking – Long periods on your feet can make the pain worse, while sitting or lying down may bring relief.
• Relief when leaning forward – Bending over slightly, like when tying your shoes or leaning on a cart, can ease the pain.
• Tenderness over the spine – Pressing on the lower back, especially near the joints, may feel sore or tender.
• Pain that stays in the back – Unlike sciatica, the pain usually doesn’t shoot down the leg, though it can sometimes spread to the buttocks or upper thighs.
• Cracking or popping – You might notice small pops or clicks in your back when moving, caused by stiff or irritated joints.
• Muscle tightness – The muscles around your spine may feel tight or tense, especially after activity.

Why Does Facet Joint Syndrome Happen?

If you’ve been told you have facet joint syndrome, you are wondering what actually caused it. The truth is, it doesn’t happen overnight. This condition usually develops slowly, as the joints in your spine go through wear and tear over time. Let’s break down exactly what’s going on in your body—and why those small joints in your lower back are causing such a big problem.

Your Facet Joints: Built for Movement

Facet joints are small, flat joints located at the back of each vertebra in your spine. You have a pair at each level—one on the left and one on the right. These joints work like hinges, helping your spine bend and twist smoothly. They also help keep your spine stable and stop it from moving too far in any direction.

Inside each facet joint is a slippery layer of cartilage, which helps the bones glide easily without friction. Around the joint is a thin capsule filled with fluid, kind of like oil in an engine. This setup allows your spine to move freely and without pain—when everything is working the way it should⁴.

What Goes Wrong

Over time, those smooth surfaces inside the joint can start to wear down. This is usually caused by years of movement, pressure, and even small injuries that add up. As the cartilage wears away, the joint surfaces can become rough and inflamed. This is when the pain often starts. The joint might also swell or stiffen, making it harder to move without discomfort.

If this keeps going, your body may try to “help” by laying down extra bone in the joint, which we call bone spurs. These spurs can further limit motion and irritate nearby nerves or tissues, leading to even more pain².

Why You Feel Pain

Facet joints are full of small nerve endings. So when they get irritated—even a little—it can trigger pain. You might notice this pain more when you bend backward, twist, or stay standing for too long. That’s because those movements press on the joints and make them work harder.

Some researchers believe that as the joints wear out, the surrounding muscles also start working overtime to protect the area. This can lead to tightness and stiffness, which you might feel after sitting or first thing in the morning⁶.

So, Why You?

Everyone’s spine ages differently. If you’ve been active your whole life, or if you’ve had to sit or lift for work, your joints may have taken on more stress than usual. Over time, that adds up. Poor posture, past injuries, or even the way your spine is shaped can also play a role. Some people are just more likely to develop this kind of joint wear—and that’s not your fault.

What Other Conditions Could It Be?

Lumbar Disc Herniation

This happens when a spinal disc bulges and presses on a nerve. The pain often shoots down the leg, unlike facet joint syndrome which usually stays in the lower back or buttocks⁴.

Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction

This affects the joint between your spine and pelvis. It often causes one-sided pain and feels worse when standing on one leg or walking uphill⁸.

Muscle Strain or Spasm

Muscle pain usually follows activity like lifting and feels better with rest. It doesn’t follow specific movement patterns like facet joint pain does⁶.

Spinal Stenosis

This causes pressure on the nerves from narrowing of the spine. It often brings numbness or leg weakness and improves when sitting, unlike facet joint pain which worsens with leaning back⁵.

Hip Joint Arthritis

Pain from hip arthritis can be felt in the back, but it’s more likely in the groin or front of the thigh. It also causes stiffness when moving the hip joint itself⁹.

Common Mistakes When Treating Facet Joint Syndrome

Trying to Push Through the Pain

Ignoring the pain or “toughing it out” often leads to more irritation. This can cause the joints to stiffen and break down faster, making the problem harder to treat later on.

Resting Too Much

While short rest can help during a flare-up, too much lying around weakens your back muscles. That puts more stress on the joints and makes the pain come back again and again.

Only Taking Medication

Painkillers might ease the symptoms, but they don’t fix the real issue. Without proper treatment like exercise or therapy, the pain usually keeps coming back.

Not Getting a Proper Diagnosis

Back pain has many causes. Assuming it’s “just tight muscles” or a disc problem without getting checked can lead to the wrong treatment and longer recovery.

Avoiding Exercise and Movement

Fear of making it worse can stop people from moving. But without movement and strength work, the joints stay stiff and the muscles get weaker—leading to more pain.

What Happens If You Ignore It?

Left untreated, facet joint syndrome can turn into a long-term problem. Pain may become constant, everyday tasks get harder, and the joints can become arthritic or inflamed more often.

Types of Scans

X-Ray

An X-ray is often the first scan done for back pain. It shows the bones in your spine, including the position of your vertebrae and the space between them. With facet joint syndrome, we might see signs of wear and tear in the joints, or extra bone growth (called bone spurs). While X-rays don’t show soft tissues like discs or muscles, they’re good for spotting changes in the bones that happen over time.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

An MRI gives a more detailed picture of your spine, including soft tissues like discs, nerves, and joint fluid. We use it to check for swelling or inflammation around the facet joints. It also helps rule out other issues like a slipped disc or nerve problems, which can feel similar to facet joint pain.

CT Scan (Computed Tomography)

A CT scan shows very detailed images of your bones. It’s better than an X-ray at picking up small changes in the facet joints, like joint space narrowing or bone spurs. This scan is useful when we want a closer look at the joints themselves and how much damage might be there.

Is Surgery Needed?

For most people with Facet Joint Syndrome, surgery isn’t needed. The latest research shows that most people improve with non-surgical treatments like movement-based rehab, hands-on therapy, and guided exercises¹. Surgery is only considered when all other options have been tried and the pain is still seriously affecting your life.

When is Surgery Considered?

Surgery is usually a last resort. It’s only looked at if you’ve had pain for more than 6–12 months, and other treatments like injections, therapy, or nerve blocks haven’t helped. Surgery may be an option if:

• Pain is constant and stopping you from walking, working, or sleeping.
• Scans show the facet joints are badly worn or inflamed.
• You’ve already tried treatments like nerve ablations, but the relief didn’t last.

What Surgery is Done?

The most common procedure is called facet joint fusion or facet stabilization. This means the surgeon locks the joint in place to stop the movement that’s causing pain.

In some cases, bone spurs or damaged tissue around the joint are removed at the same time. These surgeries are typically done when the joints are very worn and the spine is unstable⁷.

Physiotherapy After Surgery

Surgery is only the first step—physiotherapy after surgery is just as important for your recovery. After the joint is stabilized, your muscles need to be retrained to support your back properly. With the right physio plan, you’ll:

• Regain movement without straining the healing area.
• Strengthen your core and back muscles to take pressure off the joints.
• Improve your posture and build safe movement patterns.
• Get back to walking, lifting, and daily life without pain.

Treatment Options for Facet Joint Syndrome

Exercise Therapy

The right exercises will help your back move better and stop the pain from coming back. If your core and glute muscles are weak, your spine takes on more stress—which can aggravate the joints. Strengthening is key¹. Here’s how we’ll do it:

• Core Strengthening – To support your spine and reduce stress on the joints.
• Hip and Glute Work – This help take pressure off the lower back.
• Controlled Movement Training – We’ll teach your body to move the right way during daily tasks so your back doesn’t flare up again.

Myofascial Release

Tight muscles around your back—like in your lower back, glutes, and hips—can make the joints feel worse. I can use hands-on massage techniques to ease that tension. This can reduce stiffness and help you move more freely.

Orthopedic Manual Therapy

If your spine is stiff or not moving well, it can put more pressure on the facet joints. Using gentle, targeted movements, I’ll help free up stuck joints and improve how your back moves. This often gives instant relief and helps your exercises work better⁴.

Laser Therapy

Laser therapy uses gentle light energy to reduce swelling and speed up healing. It’s completely painless and can be a great add-on when your joints feel inflamed or tender.

Dry Needling

If you’ve got tight, knotted muscles (trigger points) around your spine or hips, dry needling can help. I’ll use fine needles to release those spots and improve blood flow, which helps ease pain and tightness.

Strapping and Taping

If your back feels unstable or painful during daily tasks, supportive taping can help. It takes pressure off the sore joints and muscles while you work on building strength. It’s a helpful short-term fix to keep you moving.

Conclusion

Facet Joint Syndrome doesn’t have to hold you back. With the right exercises, hands-on treatment, and a little patience, you can ease your pain, move better, and get back to doing the things you love.

Recovery takes time and consistency—but every stretch, strength move, and good habit brings you closer to feeling like yourself again. It won’t be overnight, but you will see progress with the right plan.

I’m here to help guide you through each step, adjust your treatment as needed, and support you along the way. You don’t have to face this alone. Together, we’ll get your back stronger, more stable, and pain-free. Start your recovery today.

References

1. Chambers, H. (2013) ‘Physiotherapy and lumbar facet joint injections as a combination treatment for chronic low back pain’, Musculoskeletal Care, 11(2), pp. 106–120. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23468052/.
2. Falco, F.J.E., Manchikanti, L., Datta, S., Sehgal, N., Geffert, S., Onyewu, O., Racz, G.B., Singh, V., Bryce, D.A., Ward, S.P. and Abdi, S. (2012) ‘An update of the systematic assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks’, Pain Physician, 15(6), pp. E869–E907. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23159979/.
3. Gómez Vega, J.C. and Acevedo-González, J.C. (2019) ‘Clinical diagnosis scale for pain lumbar of facet origin: Systematic review of literature and pilot study’, Neurocirugía, 30(4), pp. 176–184. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29910103/.
4. Manchikanti, L., Hirsch, J.A., Falco, F.J.E. and Boswell, M.V. (2016) ‘Management of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain’, World Journal of Orthopedics, 7(5), pp. 315–337. Available at: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v7/i5/315.htm.
5. Manchikanti, L., Kaye, A.D., Soin, A. and Hirsch, J.A. (2020) ‘Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for facet joint interventions in the management of chronic spinal pain’, Pain Physician, 23(3S), pp. S1–S127. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503359/.
6. Mazmudar, A., Nayak, R. and Patel, A. (2020) ‘Therapeutic facet joint interventions in the lumbar spine’, Clinical Spine Surgery, 33(10), pp. 411–417. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32657844/.
7. Musso, S., Buscemi, F., Bonossi, L., Di Meco, E. and Cofano, F. (2022) ‘Lumbar facet joint stabilization for symptomatic spinal degenerative disease: A systematic review’, Journal of Craniovertebral Junction & Spine, 13(3), pp. 401–409. Available at: https://journals.lww.com/jcjs/fulltext/2022/13030/lumbar_facet_joint_stabilization_for_symptomatic.8.aspx.
8. Shen, J., Boudier-Revéret, M., Majdalani, G. and Chang, K.V. (2023) ‘Incidence of sacroiliac joint pain after lumbosacral spine fusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Neuro-Chirurgie, 69(4), 101446. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0028377023000164.
9. Shpigelman, A., Shouval, A., Koder, I., Shinar, Y. and Paran, D. (2023) ‘Facet joint involvement in the inflammatory rheumatic disease: A systematic review’, Joint Bone Spine, 90(5), 105589. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38101697/.